Was Hiroshima Necessary Or Hiroshima Essay - 1661 Words

Was Hiroshima Necessary? After the Japanese dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the United States took serious offense to it. The Americans dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of them dropping the bomb on Pearl Harbor. America dropped the bomb because President Harry Truman commanded that if the Japanese made any attack on us, we would attack them. This bomb badly affected Japan. At least 140,000 Japanese people died, including 20,000 soldiers by December of 1945. At least 90% of the deceased were killed within two weeks of the bomb being dropped. 92% of 76,000 buildings were destroyed. (â€Å"Hiroshima Committee†) The decision to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the hardest decision for President Truman to make. He had the power right there in his hands to end the war but he would have to unleash the most powerful weapon known to man, at this time. Everyone was very tired of fighting but the Japanese would not give up so Truman decided to drop it. Even though we told Japan that if they did not surrender we would completely demolish some of their cities, they did not listen and they did not surrender. Maybe they did not think about what kind of weapons we would use because we did not ever tell them that we had an atomic bomb. (â€Å"The Decision to Drop the Bomb†) There were many causes for the United States dropping the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One of these causes was because we wanted to increase the chances of Japan surrendering so thatShow MoreRelatedWas Hiroshima Necessary? Or Hiroshima? Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesWas Hiroshima Necessary? After the Japanese dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the United States took serious offense to it. The Americans dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of them dropping the bomb on Pearl Harbor. America dropped the bomb because President Harry Truman commanded that if the Japanese made any attack on us, we would attack them. This bomb badly affected Japan. At least 140,000 Japanese people died, including 20,000 soldiers by December of 1945. At least 90% of theRead MoreWas Bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki Necessary to End World War 2?1650 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the time period when Franklin D. Roosevelt was in office, it was during WWII. Japan attacked the U.S. on Dec. 7, 1941 and was known as Pearl Harbor. When that happened, Roosevelt did not hesitate to ask Congress to officially declare war on Japan. During the war, there was a proposal of an atomic bomb landing over Hiroshima and Nagasaki to finalize the war. To this day there is still controversy that if that at omic bomb was actually necessary to end the war, because of the number of innocentRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan: A Necessary Evil or an Unnecessary Act?1198 Words   |  5 Pagescities and people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would experience something that no other people had ever experienced before, and no other people have experienced since. Within three days in the month of August 1945 and nearing the end of World War II, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would become the testing ground and their people the test dummies for a new kind of war weapon; the atomic bomb. Was this act necessary to bring an end to World War II as has been claimed? No, it was not. For monthsRead More Hiroshima: Killing Thousands of People Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima: Killing Thousands of People At 8:15 in the morning, on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first nuclear weapon ever used in a war. Little Boy was dropped from a B-29 bomber over the Japanese city of Hiroshima1. The blast itself and the radioactive fall out killed around one hundred thousand people and demolished the city. Did the Japanese bring this upon them selves? What was the role of the Japanese civilians in the United States decision to drop the bomb? In actualityRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United St ates still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreJapan Bombs : Was It Necessary?1188 Words   |  5 PagesRyan Nguyen Arr. 5 Japan Bombs: Was it necessary? In August of 1945, the US dropped one of the deadliest weapons ever made onto Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was a barbarous and inhumane thing to do to another country. Even though the US believed that by dropping the bomb, World War II would be over, it was not necessary because Japan had already tried to negotiate peacefully and its military was already collapsing during that time. The consequences of the atomic bomb were stunning. According toRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pages With multiple chances from the United States to surrender in the war and rejecting each one, the Japanese set themselves up for disaster. On August 6, 1945 the course of history was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the livesRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreWas The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Morally Justified?1736 Words   |  7 PagesWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ethically justified? – Why Truman decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan – By Grace Kelsall World War 2 saw the emergence of America as a new world power on August 6th 1945, also internationally known as the traumatizing day for Hiroshima; after an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb. World War Two is considered a great turning point in modern history, it being one of the bloodiest and horrific wars; exposing all countries aroundRead More Drop The Bomb? Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagesbombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the Japanese? The first question was whether or not to drop a bomb. The effects of atomic warfare had not been known and studied, but it was apparent that it would be a good tool Was Hiroshima Necessary Or Hiroshima Essay - 1661 Words Was Hiroshima Necessary? After the Japanese dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the United States took serious offense to it. The Americans dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of them dropping the bomb on Pearl Harbor. America dropped the bomb because President Harry Truman commanded that if the Japanese made any attack on us, we would attack them. This bomb badly affected Japan. At least 140,000 Japanese people died, including 20,000 soldiers by December of 1945. At least 90% of the deceased were killed within two weeks of the bomb being dropped. 92% of 76,000 buildings were destroyed. (â€Å"Hiroshima Committee†) The decision to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the hardest decision for President Truman to make. He had the power right there in his hands to end the war but he would have to unleash the most powerful weapon known to man, at this time. Everyone was very tired of fighting but the Japanese would not give up so Truman decided to drop it. Even though we told Japan that if they did not surrender we would completely demolish some of their cities, they did not listen and they did not surrender. Maybe they did not think about what kind of weapons we would use because we did not ever tell them that we had an atomic bomb. (â€Å"The Decision to Drop the Bomb†) There were many causes for the United States dropping the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One of these causes was because we wanted to increase the chances of Japan surrendering so that ourShow MoreRelatedWas Hiroshima Necessary? Or Hiroshima? Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesWas Hiroshima Necessary?   Ã‚  Ã‚   After the Japanese dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the United States took serious offense to it. The Americans dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of them dropping the bomb on Pearl Harbor. America dropped the bomb because President Harry Truman commanded that if the Japanese made any attack on us, we would attack them. This bomb badly affected Japan. At least 140,000 Japanese people died, including 20,000 soldiers by December of 1945. At least 90% ofRead MoreWas Bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki Necessary to End World War 2?1650 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the time period when Franklin D. Roosevelt was in office, it was during WWII. Japan attacked the U.S. on Dec. 7, 1941 and was known as Pearl Harbor. When that happened, Roosevelt did not hesitate to ask Congress to officially declare war on Japan. During the war, there was a proposal of an atomic bomb landing over Hiroshima and Nagasaki to finalize the war. To this day there is still controversy that if that atomic bomb was actually necessary to end the war, because of the number of innocentRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan: A Necessary Evil or an Unnecessary Act?1198 Words   |  5 Pagescities and people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would experience something that no other people had ever experienced before, and no other people have experienced since. Within three days in the month of August 1945 and nearing the end of World War II, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would become the testing ground and their people the test dummies for a new kind of war weapon; the atomic bomb. Was this act necessary to bring an end to World War II as has been claimed? No, it was not. For monthsRead More Hiroshima: Killing Thousands of People Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima: Killing Thousands of People At 8:15 in the morning, on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first nuclear weapon ever used in a war. Little Boy was dropped from a B-29 bomber over the Japanese city of Hiroshima1. The blast itself and the radioactive fall out killed around one hundred thousand people and demolished the city. Did the Japanese bring this upon them selves? What was the role of the Japanese civilians in the United States decision to drop the bomb? In actualityRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United St ates still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreJapan Bombs : Was It Necessary?1188 Words   |  5 PagesRyan Nguyen Arr. 5 Japan Bombs: Was it necessary? In August of 1945, the US dropped one of the deadliest weapons ever made onto Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was a barbarous and inhumane thing to do to another country. Even though the US believed that by dropping the bomb, World War II would be over, it was not necessary because Japan had already tried to negotiate peacefully and its military was already collapsing during that time. The consequences of the atomic bomb were stunning. According toRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pages With multiple chances from the United States to surrender in the war and rejecting each one, the Japanese set themselves up for disaster. On August 6, 1945 the course of history was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the livesRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreWas The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Morally Justified?1736 Words   |  7 PagesWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ethically justified? – Why Truman decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan – By Grace Kelsall World War 2 saw the emergence of America as a new world power on August 6th 1945, also internationally known as the traumatizing day for Hiroshima; after an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb. World War Two is considered a great turning point in modern history, it being one of the bloodiest and horrific wars; exposing all countries aroundRead More Drop The Bomb? Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagesbombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the Japanese? The first question was whether or not to drop a bomb. The effects of atomic warfare had not been known and studied, but it was apparent that it would be a good tool

True Story of the Lacks Family - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 541 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Topics: Henrietta Lacks Essay Did you like this example? A young African American woman named   Henrietta Lacks was born and raised in Virginia in the 20th century. She was mother to 5 children and had lived in poverty. She had a brief life due to having cervical cancer which is the cancer of the cells in the cervix. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "True Story of the Lacks Family" essay for you Create order She had lots of struggles throughout her life, despite all that she worked hard for her family and lived her life to the fullest. Her unfortunate illness, has helped millions of people. Rebecca Skloot, a young woman who came across Henrietta Lacks in class, was intrigued with her. She wanted to right a book about her, whats a better source than Henriettas family themself. Beginning with her daughter, Deborah Lacks. The book that was published in 2010 and an article titled, Henrietta Lacks Immortal Cells   written by Sarah Zielinski, in where she discussed the   morally correct issues on how the Lacks werent pleased about how doctors had taken advantage of their mothers cells and had used them as research without permission. Sometimes you have to make decisions for the greater good and sometimes it doesnt make everyone happy, like in this case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hospital that had used the cells without permission was John Hopkins Hospital, located in Baltimore, Maryland. Doctors and scientists would avoid using Henriettas real name by calling them HeLa cells according to the book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. The family was also intensely involved in the research, with doctors using the familys genes without the consent of the family. In the book it states, the last thing he remembered before falling unconscious under the anesthesia was a doctor saying his mothers cells were one of the most important things that had ever happened to medicine. Sonny woke up in more than $125,000 in debt because he didnt have health insurance to cover the surgery. The family had made no money in the discoveries. The family had financial struggles. According to the article that I had mentioned before, it took almost a year even to convince Deborah to talk to Rebecca because she knew Rebecca was desperate to learn about her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HeLa cells were such an astounding use to medicine. HeLa has helped doctors and scientists with many things. According to the article, scientists had sent the cells to space to see how they would react and adapt in zero gravity. During the space mission, a chemical was accidentally spilled on a cell and spread out its tangled chromosomes, in which we discovered, instead of 48 chromosomes, which we initially thought was right, there was instead 46 chromosomes with 23 pairs. Doctors also used it to test the polio vaccine.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both the book and article deliberate about the ethical and morally correct conflicts on how the Lacks were upset on how their family was taken advantage of, regarding the usage of their genes and the cells of their late mother, without permission. Its kind of up for debate, because many people think if Henrietta was alive she wouldnt mind the hospital using her cells for research purposes. HBO has turned this story into a movie based on the book   The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks   that premiered on April 22nd, 2017. It told how Rebecca Skloot had found the true story of the Lacks family.

Caged Bird By Maya Angelou - 1341 Words

In the earlier days of the United States, African American slavery was prominent throughout the south for an extensive period of time. This tyranny led to mass oppression of millions of black people for many generations.Years later African Americans were finally given their well earned freedom. One thing they did not earn were their promised civil rights until much, much later. However, even under such subjugations African Americans found many ways to express themselves over the years. One fitting example would be Maya Angelou, a poet, who wrote a lot about social and racial issues. In one of Angelou’s famous poems â€Å"Caged Bird† , she uses contrasting birds to express her emotions towards oppression and freedom. Angelou uses diction,†¦show more content†¦The African American community had lack of power for many, many years. In â€Å" Social Issues in Literature: Racism in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird sings† Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, a professor of Humanities and director of women’s studies at Emory University, links the silence and basically lack of power in â€Å"Caged Bird†. In page 37, she writes about how the virtues of freedom are directly tied back to racism if the virtues of freedom are taken from one s reach. Without this freedom African Americans lost their voice and power, they were silenced for hundreds of years. Angelou demonstrated this using diction in â€Å"Caged Bird†. The use of the antagonism between the caged bird and the free bird is not only shown through diction but is also relayed through other means, such as very vivid and important imagery in the poem. In Caged Bird, Angelou uses both caged and free birds to symbolize the dream of attaining freedom. The poem shows the contrasts between imprisonment and freedom through using different types of imagery. Although the poem talks about a carefree bird, the caged bird reaching out for freedom seems to take over the main idea of the poem. Angelou starts off the poem with â€Å"A free bird leaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the reader pictures a bird in nature leaping, jumping or flying freely. It seems to be somewhat ironic that the poem starts off so positively, yet it all ties into a negative concept which is slavery. She says, â€Å"But a bird that stalks down hisShow MoreRelated Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou as a Caged Bird    The graduation scene from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings illustrates how, living in the midst of racism and unequal access to opportunity, Maya Angelou was able to surmount the obstacles that stood in her way of intellectual develop and find higher ground.   One of the largest factors responsible for Angelous academic success was her dedication to and capacity for hard work, My work alone has awarded me a top place...No absences, no tardinesses, and my academicRead MoreThe Themes Of The Caged Bird By Maya Angelou1651 Words   |  7 PagesA poem about two birds: one caged and one free, Caged Bird by Maya Angelou is a poem loaded with personal anecdotes. Angelou contrasts the two birds throughout the poem and discusses the ideas of freedom and oppression using the birds as metaphors. The free bird is able to fly as he wishes, â€Å"daring to claim the sky†. On the other hand, the caged bird is limited to his cage, with clipped wings and tied feet, dreaming of the open sky. B ecause he is confined, he does what he can and begins to sing,Read MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Caged Bird 1835 Words   |  8 Pagesthe loving Dr. Maya Angelou. She was a tremendous figure in their lives and a phenomenal woman. One day my family was sitting outside, and my mom was reading a book with a lot of famous poems. The one she read aloud was Maya Angelou’s poem â€Å"Caged Bird.† She was so emotional reading this poem. During that time, I did not understand her emotions. At my high school, we would always celebrate black history month, so one day my favorite teacher brought the movie â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† My classmatesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Caged Bird By Maya Angelou882 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"Caged Bird† by Maya Angelou tells the story of two birds: one bird has the luxury of freedom and the second bird lives its life caged and maltreated by an unknown tyrant. Maya Angelou wrote this poem during the Ci vil Rights Era, the period when black activists in the 1950’s and 1960’s fought for desegregation of African Americans. This poem parallels the oppression that African Americans were fighting during this time period. In â€Å"Caged Bird†, Angelou builds a strong contrast that showsRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou1391 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Angelou’s debut autobiography is an article of literature that depicts the life of a young black girl growing up in a world pitted against her, and the resilience she found in herself in order to survive. Angelou is a voice that is not often heard. In a world dominated by a white male narrative, the plights of the minority are often overshadowed. Thus, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an imperative novel as it articulates the life of not only Angelou, but also of the unique experiences thatRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know The Caged Bird Sings1836 Words   |  8 Pages In Maya Angelou†™s I Know the Caged Bird Sings (1969), the reader is absorbed into a personal account of her life starting from her childhood to young adulthood during the 1930s and 1940s. From a young age, Maya witnessed the first-hand effects of racism in the South for blacks growing up alongside her brother, Bailey. In the novel, Angelou faces racial discrimination and displacement inside and outside her own community that act as metaphorical cages barring her from the freedom to be her true selfRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the quotes that Maya Angelou spoke about goes â€Å"History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again.† In two of the poems written by Maya Angelou ‘I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings,’ which inspired millions of readers helped tackle difficulties related to themes such as racism, sexual abuse, equality. â€Å"Still I Rise† explores the idea of racial discrimination along with Abel Meeropol â€Å"Strange Fruit† and ‘Caged Bird’ which was sang by AliciaRead MoreI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Maya Angelou6502 Words   |  27 PagesAnalysis: Chapters 1–5 The lines from the poem Maya cannot finish, â€Å"What are you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay . . .† capture two of the most significant issues she struggles with in her childhood and young adulthood: feeling ugly and awkward and never feeling attached to one place. First, Maya imagines that though people judge her unfairly by her awkward looks, they will be surprised one day when her true self emerges. At the time, she hopes that she will emerge as if in a fairy-taleRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou886 Words   |  4 PagesChampion of the World is a chapter in Maya Angelou s book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings where the focal point describes a very significant event to the African American people during her adolescence. It shows a 1930’s black community fired up about a fight over racial resentment build up over the past years. The famous African American boxer, Joe Louis, it fighting for his title against a white contender. The story explains in detail the overwhelming amount of excitement and eagerness comingRead MoreEssay on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou2409 Words   |  10 Pagesskin. Since they were evidently treated differently, many despised the fact that they were black. As a result of their helpless circumstances, it was understandable that many blacks during that time lacked confidence and self-acceptance. Maya Angelou was an African American girl who grew up during this challenging time. During her childhood, she witnessed and experienced racial prejudice first hand. She had difficultly understanding and accepting the consequences that accompanied belonging

Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God as a Creation...

Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God as a Creation Story Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is, among other things, a creation story. For creation stories are not simply myths about the historical origins of the universe and humankind but metaphors for individual maturation. Individual perception is, to a large extent, what constitutes the world. Hence, the individual is the source and embodiment of the world; Janie is, the narrator tells us, â€Å"the world and the heavens boiled down to a drop† (72). And Janie’s awakening, or maturation, represents not only a personal transformation, but the creation of a universe. As a child seeking meaning, Janie does not look forward to merely â€Å"growing up† but waits â€Å"for the world to†¦show more content†¦Janie is, of course, drawn to the forbidden fruit and soon eats of it when she kisses Johnny Taylor over her grandmother’s fence. And just as Adam and Eve enter into life when they eat of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, so Jani e’s â€Å"life commence[s] at Nanny’s gate† (10). Spying her kissing Johnny Taylor over the fence, Janie’s grandmother calls her into the house. Janie â€Å"half believe[s]† that her grandmother has not seen her, and her grandmother circuitously approaches the subject. Finally, confronting Janie, her grandmother â€Å"slap[s]† her â€Å"face violently† (13). The scene maintains a detailed parallel with Genesis. God, by definition, knows when Adam and Eve have eaten of the forbidden fruit. Yet, like Janie’s grandmother, God temporarily feigns ignorance, first calling out to Adam as if unaware of his whereabouts, and then asking innocently how Adam came to know he was naked. And Adam, like Janie, apparently believes, or half believes, that God does not know he has eaten of the fruit. And finally, just as Janie’s grandmother punishes Janie by slapping her and forcing her to marry Logan Killicks, soShow MoreRelatedZora Neale Hurston Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesNo longer were Black writers imitating a white style of writing. An expression of black culture represented an equality and a pride in a race that for hundreds of years was supposedly second-class. This movement spawned the some of the most acclaimed African-American authors to date such as Langston Hughes, Wallace Thurman as well as Zora Neale Hurston; one of the most infamous and revolutionary authors the Harlem Renaissance would produce. Understanding the ideals and themes of Zora Neale HurstonRead MoreThe Life of Zora Neale Hurston Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pages Zora Neale Hurston, known as one of the most symbolic African American women during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930’s. Hurston was known as a non fiction writer, anthropologist and folklorist. Hurston’s literature has served as a big eye opener during the Harlem Renaissance, celebrating black dialect and their traditions. Most of her published stories â€Å"depict relationships among black residents in her native southern Florida, was largely unconcerned with racial injustices† (Bomarito 89). Read More Anthropology and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Jonahs Gourd Vine1900 Words   |  8 PagesAnthropology and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Jonahs Gourd Vine Zora Neale Hurston described the study of anthropology as a spy-glass, an illuminating lens (1). Anthropology is defined as the scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans (2). Through this study and with the aid of an essay defining human nature written by Cardinal Jean Daniello, we can take a closer look at the behavior of the characters inRead MoreA Comparison of Community in Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Morrisons Sula2078 Words   |  9 PagesImportance of Community in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Sula      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community is an important concern in both black and womens literature. The racist and patriarchal nature of American society, what Morrison refers to as the master narrative of our culture, places blacks and women and especially black women in a position of powerlessness and vulnerability. Communities serve as a protective buffer within which black women must function in order to survive. However both Hurston and MorrisonRead More Female Spirituality and Sexuality Explored Through Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Tell My Horse1647 Words   |  7 PagesZora Neale Hurston, while living in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, was researching voodoo on the most scholarly level. She was studying with Haiti’s most well known hougans and mambos, or priests and priestesses. At this time she was gathering knowledge about voodoo so she could write the text, Tell My Horse. Also, at this same time Hurston had finished writing, Their Eyes Were Watching God i n only seven short weeks. A close reading of this novel provides the reader with a relationship between voodoo andRead More Theme of Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesBreaking Through In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God written by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie the protagonist is seen by critics as having no voice. For all women silence knows no boundaries of race or culture, and Janie is no exception. Hurston characterizes Janie with the same silence that women at that time period were forced into, (complete submission.) Women were to be seen and not heard. Janie spends forty years of her life, learning to achieve/find, her voice against the over-rulingRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1352 Words   |  6 Pagesand opposition. This is what women like Janie Crawford in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel had to have, to get through traumatic events such as domestic violence and oppression from other men. In Their Eyes Were Watching God the main character Janie Crawford faced oppression and domestic violence, but instead of this holding her back it made a stronger woman by the end of the novel. Janie showed some changes from the beginning of her story telling sequence to the end of the novel in her present dayRead MoreHistory5499 Words   |  22 PagesNegro Renaissance,’’ a term that includes all African Americans, regardless of their location, who participated in this cultural revolution. Followers of the New Negro dicta, which emphasized blacks’ inclusion in and empowerment by American society, were undeniably spread throughout the nation, and most major cities had pockets of the African-American elite that W. E. B. Du Bois dubbed the ‘‘Talented Tenth.’’ Nevertheless, New York City was, arguably, the most crucial site of this movement’s development

New Role Architect to do A SWOT Analysis Of A Current ICT Service

Question: Discuss about the New Role As An Enterprise Architect to do A SWOT Analysis Of A Current ICT Service In An Organization. Answer: Introduction Information systems such as enterprise systems and applications facilitate businesses today to conduct their operations effectively as well as reliably according to their customers demands. Enterprise systems cover both internal and external applications that are used to enhance business activities. For instance, an internal system such as an ERP system will cover a large fraction of an organisations internal systems where they are used to optimise operational activities such as employees duties (Gulla, 2004). On the other hand, external systems such as SCM and CRM optimise external resources such as customers and resource suppliers. In all, these systems offer packaged solution, unlike traditional systems that offered standalone services that were quite inefficient. In comparison with modern systems, traditional enterprise system provided specialised solutions where each and every aspect of business had a unique application (Engelsttter, 2010). These systems covered a small fraction of any given organisation which lowered their application. In fact, in the olden days, most of these systems were only used to process numbers thus were only dominant in financial departments. This outcome left a lot to be desired as other departments lagged in operations which in general lowered the operational efficiencies. Moreover, when adopted, traditional systems lacked advanced collaboration or integration techniques which generally beat their overall objectives (Malone, 2005). Enterprise system/applications as a packaged solution Modern day system mirror the structure and functionalities of an organisation, this operational design help them integrate their services into the needs of an organisation. At a basic level, these systems will cover electronic files that have replaced the traditional documents used to store data and statistics. Therefore, it's accurate to view enterprise systems as the applications that have adequately replaced traditional processes that involved manual work, this includes the automation of transaction in financial department as well as the coordination of supply resources. Furthermore, enterprise systems offer both specialised and general resources where implementation depends on the organisation i.e. two organisation can use the same application but with varying results and variables (Rashid, Hossain Patrick, 2002). Nevertheless, the application of enterprise systems has also grown due to the overall nature of business. Consider the fact that businesses use the same document or transactional procedures to conduct business, for instance, regardless of the organisation they have to conduct payments or employ workers among other normal operational activities (Oberst, 2001). These generic activities constitute the first and most basic form of packaged application such as those seen with ERP, SCM and CRM. Therefore, organisations will use these resources to optimise their applications. Types of Enterprise system and applications As outlined before, organisations will use enterprise system to boost business operations. Moreover, these organisation will integrate these systems into their activities to gain access to knowledge basis and minimise the redundancy of data functionalities (Nordmeyer, 2017). Nevertheless, the types of enterprise systems will vary depending on the functionalities needed. Enterprise resource planning A general term that outline applications that are used to integrate an organisations processes such as financing and HR with software systems. Its objective is usually to collaborate operations across different department while using the same data. Therefore, data used to pay employees can also be used to assign roles minimising its duplication which saves resources. Furthermore, ERPs come as packaged solutions having different modules which can be activated to give different functionalities, for instance, SAP ERP can offer solutions for the HR, sales and accounting department among many others. In it, the solution will be under one umbrella of SAP but with the varying modules (Nordmeyer, 2017). Customer relationship management As the name suggests, these systems are used to enhance the relationship between an organisation and its customers. The overall goal is to understand customers needs and to implement them in the subsequent products or services (WSM, 2016). Now, a company will use CRM functions to learn about the customer behaviours such as purchase patterns which then they translate into their operations, therefore, maximising on the discovered intelligence. In addition to this, this system can collaborate with many devices and digital platforms such as mobile phones and social media. The outcome of this functionality is an extended source of user information including preferences and motivations. Furthermore, CRM system can be integrated with other functionalities such as e-mails which facilitate communication saving time and other resources e.g. manpower. Supply chain management First, supply chain represents the variables used to move and produce products from suppliers to customers. Therefore, the management of these processes or structures outline the roles played by SCM. SCM will manage and monitor all the activities related to an organisations supply system, this includes the vital information transmitted, such as the materials for products, logistics and product/service development. In essence, SCM will enable an organisation to coordinate its development strategies and production plans which in the end optimises its operational activities (WSM, 2016). In general, these operational activities are manufacturing, logistics (transport), and storage. Characteristics of enterprise systems Based on the analysis given so far, several attributes of enterprise system have already been seen, for instance, they are packaged solutions among many others. This section highlight this and other characteristics associated with the applications Integration According to Oracle (enterprise system vendor) enterprise systems should offer seamless integration where services and operational activities flow smoothly across an organisation. A good enterprise system will enable information to flow from the supply department to the customers with minimal obstructions. However, this outcome must also be done by the authorised personnel as it may contain sensitive information. Moreover, a huge part of this integration depends on the configuration parameters which determine the operational settings of an enterprise system. In some instances, some organisation may configure some modules thus fail to achieve complete integration, for instance, activating the financial modules without those of accounting will lower the productivity of the system (Markus Tanis, 2005). Packaged resource As continuously outlined, enterprise systems are packaged resources which offer a wide range of solutions under one holistic package. Why this design method? Well, since most of these systems are commercial applications they are developed by renowned vendors who use the general organisation requirements to implement them, which is both easier to make and sell. Moreover, as a packaged product they lower the overall cost of development and align business activities according to certain standards which streamline operations. Versatile/evolving like all other aspects of IT, enterprise systems are always changing to suit the needs of the users and their environments. The most notable change in these systems are the architectures where in the early 1980s they were designed purposefully for mainframes systems and operations. Today, these structures have changed to cater for clients needs where a predominant client-server architecture is used (Markus Tanis, 2005). A best practice resource Most enterprise system are designed to enhance the results of generic business operations that differ from one organisation to another. Therefore, by adopting them, organisation undertake a best practice method of doing business. This method or business procedure increases productivity which in the end increases revenues the overall goal of business. Conclusion A review of enterprise systems will reveal the operational principles of traditional ERP systems, i.e. the pure ERP where only backbone operations were considered. These systems were efficient for their time and outlined the main service solutions. However, at the time, businesses could also adopt third party system to enhance productivity but as outlined before these systems were inefficient having low productivity as a result of their integration issues. These issues were solved by packaged solutions which eliminated the isolated design and instead used a collaborative outline that combined different functionalities into one system. Today, enterprise packages offer many solutions in the form of modules based on the users requirements. Its hard to imagine that these applications, as well as their resulting impacts, are still deemed as susceptible outcomes as the technology is still in its development stages. In the future, these systems will automate all aspects of business enhancing collaboration and operational efficiencies. Moreover, the developers and vendors seem to concentrate on generic functionalities of business which lowers the application of these systems. If fully integrated into the industry, more specialised enterprise systems will be developed whereas a packaged solution, the user will have both generic and specialised functionalities. This adaptation mechanism will further enhance productivity increasing business output. References Elmarouf. S. (2017). ICT SWOT analysis. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://prezi.com/v0es3jktnyj2/ict-swot-analysis/ Engelsttter. B. (2015). Enterprise Systems and Innovations. Centre for European Economic Research. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/Public/CAED/E_Engelstaetter_Enterprise%20Systems%20and%20Innovations_CAED.pdf Gulla. J. (2004). Introduction to Enterprise Systems. Introduction to enterprise systems. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/tdt4175/pdfs/ERPIntro.pdf Malone. T. (2005). Session 13: Enterprise systems. Information technology essentials. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-561-information-technology-essentials-spring-2005/lecture-notes/lecture13.pdf Markus. L Tanis. C. (2005). The Enterprise System Experience-From Adoption to Success. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://pro.unibz.it/staff/ascime/documents/ERP%20paper.pdf Nordmeyer. B. (2017). Three Different Types of Enterprise Systems. Chron. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-different-types-enterprise-systems-73267.html Oberst. D. (2001). Enterprise systems management. New horizon. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://er.educause.edu/~/media/files/article-downloads/erm0127.pdf Rashid. M, Hossain. L Patrick. J. (2002). The Evolution of ERP Systems: A Historical Perspective. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~shnaidh/zooloo/nihul/evolution.pdf RSA. (2007). Information and communication technology. Research, development and innovation. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/ICT_RDI_Strat_2007.pdf WSM. (2016). Types of Enterprise Systems in Business. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from; https://www.mywestford.com/types-of-enterprise-systems-in-business/ Zhang. Y Chulkov. N. (2008). Review of information and communication technology (ICT) hosting services in the United Nations systems organizations. United Nations. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.unjiu.org/en/reports-notes/archive/JIU_REP_2008_5_English.pdf

History Of E-Business - Click to Get Free Sample

Question: Discuss the history of e-business as in where did it all started and the current state of e-business in America? Answer: Introduction Chris DeWolf and Tom Anderson began MySpace, in 2003, a long range interpersonal communication website that offers its individuals data about the free music scene around the nation speaking to both Internet society and high school society. Artists sign up for nothing MySpace home pages where they can post visit dates, tunes, and verses. Fans sign up for their own Web pages to connection to most loved groups and companions. As of February 2006, MySpace was the world's fifth most famous English-dialect website with more than 60 million clients (Botto). Background One of the greatest advantages of the Internet is its capacity to permit associations to perform business with anybody, anyplace, at whatever time. E-trade is the purchasing and offering of merchandise and administrations over the Internet. E-business alludes just to online exchanges. E-business, got from the term e-trade, is the leading of business on the Internet purchasing and offering, as well as serving clients and teaming up with business accomplices. The essential contrast between e-trade and e-business is that e-business likewise alludes to online trades of data. Case in point, a producer permitting its suppliers to screen creation timetables or a money related establishment permitting its clients to survey their saving money, Visa, and home loan accounts (Glover, Liddle and Prawitt). In a previous couple of years, e-business appears to have penetrated each part of a day by day life. Both people and associations have grasped Internet advancements to upgrade profitability, boost accommodation, and enhance interchanges universally. From keeping the money to shopping to excitement, the Internet has got to be essential to everyday life (Shaw). E-Business Models An e-business model is a way to deal with directing electronic business on the Internet. E-business exchanges occur between two noteworthy elementsorganizations and buyers. All e-business exercises happen inside of the structure of two sorts of business connections: The trading of items and administrations in the middle of organizations and The trading of items and administrations with shoppers The essential distinction in the middle of B2B and B2C are the clients; B2B clients are different organizations while B2C markets to customers. By and large, B2B relations are more unpredictable and have higher security needs; in addition to B2B is the overwhelming e-business power, speaking to 80 percent of all online business. Business-to-Business (B2B) B2B applies to organizations purchasing from and offering to one another over the Internet. Online access to information, including expected sending date, conveyance date, and transportation status, gave either by the merchant or an external supplier is generally bolstered by B2B models. Electronic commercial centres speak to another wave in B2B e-business model. Electronic commercial centres, or e-commercial centres, are intuitive business groups giving a focal business sector where numerous purchasers and dealers can participate in e-business exercises. They present structures for leading business trade, solidifying supply chains, and making new deals channels. Their essential objective is to expand market productivity by fixing and computerizing the relationship in the middle of purchasers and vendors. Existing e-commercial centres permit access to different systems in which to purchase and offer verging on anything, from administrations to direct materials (Sweeney). Business-to-Consumer (B2C) B2C users to any organization that offers its items or administrations to buyers over the Internet. Carfax has been in the vehicle history report business for a long time with a unique client base of utilized auto merchants. The Internet was only another route for us to achieve the customer business sector. Carfax used $20 million on print and TV advertisements to draw in clients to its website. Clients can buy a Carfax report for $14.95 or six days of reports for $19.95. Carfax has now dispatched an association program for little automobile merchants' Web destinations and a money back project offering clients 20 percent of incomes got for their referrals (Tassabehji). E-Shop An e-shop infrequently alluded to as an e-store, is an adaptation of a retail location where clients can shop at any hour of the day without leaving their home or office. These online stores offer and bolster a mixed bag of items and administrations. The online organizations diverting their products and administrations by means of the Internet just, for example, Amazon.com, are called immaculate plays. The others are an expansion of customary retail outlets that offer online and additionally through a conventional physical store (Feng). E-Mall An e-mall comprises of various e-shops; it serves as an entryway through which a guest can get to other e-shops. An e-shopping centre may be summed up or specific relying upon the items offered by the e-shops it has. Incomes for e-shopping centre administrators incorporate enrolment expenses from taking part e-shops, publicizing, and potentially a charge on every exchange if the e-shopping centre administrator additionally forms instalments. E-shops in e-shopping centres advantage from brand support and expanded activity as going by one shop on the e-shopping centre regularly prompts searching "neighbouring" shops (Gagnon). Consumer-to-Business (C2B) C2B applies to any purchaser that offers an item or administration to a business over the Internet. One case of this e-business model is Priceline.com where bidders situated their costs for things, for example, carrier tickets or hotel rooms, and a dealer chooses whether to supply them. The interest for C2B e-business will increment throughout the following couple of years because of client's longing for more noteworthy accommodation and lower costs (Prudens.com). Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) C2C uses to locales fundamentally offering merchandise and administrations to help shoppers collaborating with one another over the Internet. EBay, the Internet's best C2C online closeout web page, connections similarly invested purchasers and vendors for a little commission. C2C online groups, or virtual groups, associate by means of email gatherings, Web-based dialog discussions, or talk rooms. C2C plans of action are purchaser driven and opportunities are accessible to fulfil most customers' necessities, running from discovering a home loan to employment chasing. They are worldwide swap shops in view of client focused correspondence. One C2C group, KazaA, permits clients to download MP3 music documents, empowering clients to trade records (Turban). Advantages and Disadvantages As indicated by an NUA Internet Survey, the Internet interfaces more than 1 billion individuals around the world. Specialists foresee that worldwide Internet utilization will about triple somewhere around 2006 and 2010, making e-business a more critical figure the worldwide economy. As e-business enhances, associations will experience advantages and difficulties alike. The Internet is compelling associations to refocus their data frameworks from the back to front (Zhao). A developing number of organizations are now utilizing the Internet to streamline their business procedures, acquire materials, offer items, computerize client benefit, and make new income streams. Despite the fact that the advantages of e-business frameworks are alluring, creating, conveying, and dealing with these frameworks is not generally simple. Shockingly, e-business is not something a business can simply go out and purchase (Jelassi and Enders). A key component of e-commercial centres is their capacity to give exchange abilities as well as dynamic, pertinent substance to exchanging accomplices. The first e-business Web locales gave shopping basket abilities constructed around item lists. As a consequence of the intricate e-commercial centre that must bolster existing business procedures and frameworks, a substance is turning out to be significantly more discriminating for e-commercial centres. Purchasers require great substance portrayal to make educated buys, and vendors utilization substance to legitimately showcase and separate themselves from the opposition. Substance and item portrayal build up the normal seeing between both sides to the exchange. Thus, the openness, convenience, precision, and the wealth of that substance straightforwardly influence the exchange (Jordan). New Trends Late plans of action that have emerged to empower associations to exploit the Internet and make quality are inside of e-government. E-government includes the utilization of methods and advances to change governments by enhancing the conveyance of administrations and upgrading the nature of collaboration between the subject customers inside of all branches of government. One sample of an e-government entrance, FirstGov.gov, the authority U.S. door to all administration data, is the impetus for a developing electronic government. It's capable web index and regularly developing an accumulation of topical and client centred connections unite clients to a great many Web pages, from the government to nearby and tribal governments, to outside countries around the globe (Perlow). M-Commerce In a couple of years, Internet-empowered cell phones will dwarf PCs. Versatile trade, or m-business, is the capacity to buy merchandise and administrations through a remote Internet-empowered gadget. The developing innovation behind m-business is a cell phone furnished with a Web-prepared miniaturized scale program. To exploit the m-trade market potential, handset producers Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with telecom transporters ATT Wireless and Sprint to create cell phones. Utilizing new types of innovation, cell phones offer fax, email, and telephone abilities all in one, making ready for m-business to be acknowledged by an undeniably versatile workforce. Amazon.com has teamed up with Nokia to pioneer another domain. With the dispatch of its Amazon.com Anywhere benefit, it has turn into one of the first major online retailers to perceive and take care of the capability of Internet empowered remote gadgets. As substance conveyance over remote gadgets turns out to be quicker, more secure, and versatile, m-trade will surpass landline e-business as the strategy for decision for computerized business exchanges. As indicated by the examination firm Strategy Analytics, the worldwide m business was relied upon to be worth more than $200 billion by 2005, with approximately 350 million clients producing very nearly 14 billion exchanges every year. Also, data exercises like email, news, and stock quotes will advance to customized exchanges, "a single tick" travel reservations, online barters, and video conferencing. Associations face changes broader and sweeping in their suggestions than anything following the current modern insurgency happened in the mid-1900s. Innovation is an essential power driving these progressions. Associations that need to survive must perceive the huge force of innovation, do obliged hierarchical changes notwithstanding it, and figure out how to work in a totally diverse way (Skeldon). Current US position The US enactment which gives essential impact to the Model Law is the "Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)". The standards inside of the Model Law are all executed through part 7 of UETA, which gives "Legitimate Recognition of Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures and Electronic Contracts." This segment reproduces all the fundamental standards for electronic contracting, as contained in the Model Law. In this manner, the procurement inside UETA perceive and repeat the four mainstays of the Model Law: useful comparability for electronic information, records and marks and lawful equality for electronic contracts. Just as significantly UETA imitates the model of innovative non-partisanship found in the Model Law. A comparable methodology has been taken by the Federal Government in establishing the E-Sign Act. E-Sign is proposed to elucidate the legitimate status of electronic records and electronic marks in the setting of composing and marking prerequisites forced by law (Rue ter). Conclusion The Internet gives general access, yet organizations must ensure their advantages against incidental or malevolent abuse. Framework security, nonetheless, should not make restrictive unpredictability or lessen adaptability. Client data additionally should be shielded from inner and outside abuse. Protection frameworks ought to shield the individual data basic to building locales that fulfil client and business needs. A genuine insufficiency emerges from the utilization of the Internet as a showcasing means. Sixty percent of Web clients don't believe the Internet as an instalment channel. Making buys by means of the Internet is viewed as perilous by numerous. This issue influences both the business and the shopper. On the other hand, with encryption and the improvement of secure Web destinations, security is turning out to be to a lesser extent a requirement for e-organizations. References Botto, Francis. Dictionary of E-Business. Chichester, England: Wiley Sons, 2000. Print. Feng, Hengyi. A New Business Model? Berlin: WZB, Forschungsschwerpunkt Technik, Arbeit, Umwelt, 2001. Print. Gagnon, Ste phane. E-Business Model Innovation and Capability Building. [Helsinki]: UNU/WIDER, 2003. Print. Glover, Steven M, Stephen W Liddle, and Douglas F Prawitt. E Business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Jelassi, Tawfik, and Albrecht Enders. Strategies for E-Business. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Jordan, Jeff. 'The Death of the American Shopping Mall'. CityLab. N.p., 2012. Web. 16 July 2015. Perlow, Jason. 'E-Commerce Will Make the Shopping Mall A Retail Wasteland | Zdnet'. ZDNet. N.p., 2013. Web. 16 July 2015. Prudens.com,. 'The E-Business Model'. N.p., 2008. Web. 16 July 2015. Rueter, Thad. 'Top 500 U.S. E-Retailers - U.S. E-Commerce To Grow 13% In 2013'. Internetretailer.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 16 July 2015. Shaw, Michael. E-Business Management. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003. Print. Skeldon, Paul. M Commerce. [Richmond, Surrey, UK]: Crimson Publishing, 2011. Print. Sweeney, Susan. The E-Business Formula For Success. Gulf Breeze, FL: Maximum Press, 2001. Print. Tassabehji, Rana. Applying E-Commerce In Business. London: Sage, 2003. Print. Turban, Efraim. Electronic Commerce. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print. Zhao, Yun. Dispute Resolution In Electronic Commerce. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005. Print.